This document provides a beginner's guide to learning Linux. It covers topics such as what Linux is, understanding files and folders, users and permissions, the root user, opening a terminal, basic commands like ls, cd, pwd, and tar for archiving files. The guide explains important Linux concepts and provides examples of common commands to get started using the Linux command line.
This document provides a summary of the Unix and GNU/Linux command line. It begins with an overview of files and file systems in Unix, including that everything is treated as a file. It then discusses command line interpreters (shells), and commands for handling files and directories like ls, cd, cp, and rm. It also covers redirecting standard input/output, pipes, and controlling processes. The document is intended as training material and provides a detailed outline of its contents.
This 1st presentation in the training "Introduction to linux for bioinformatics" gives an introduction to Linux, and the concepts by which Linux operates.
Linux directory structure by jitu mistryJITU MISTRY
in this ppt there are talkin about the Linux directory structure. special focus on the why we have such type of directory and that is explain slide by slide
This document provides an introduction to useful Linux commands. It begins with a brief history of UNIX and Linux and describes the Linux directory structure. It then discusses commands for navigating directories, searching for files, manipulating text, basic networking, system information, disk usage monitoring, and more. The goal is to compile some essential Linux commands for newcomers to learn and get comfortable with.
This document provides an overview of the Linux filesystem, including its structure, key directories, and concepts like mounting. It describes the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard which defines the main directories and their contents. Key points covered include that everything in Linux is treated as a file, the top-level root directory is "/", essential directories like /bin, /dev, /etc, /home, /lib, /proc, /sbin, /usr, /var are explained, and mounting additional filesystems is described.
Techbuddy: Introduction to Linux sessionAshish Bhatia
This document provides an introduction to Linux concepts including the philosophy, users, files, file handling, and process handling in Linux. It discusses the concept of users and files in Linux, explaining that everything is either a file or a process. It also covers the Linux file hierarchy and permissions system for users and files.
The document summarizes a presentation on the history and usage of Linux. It discusses:
- The dominance of proprietary operating systems in the 1960s-1970s and the motivation to create a free and open-source alternative called UNIX.
- How Linus Torvalds began developing Linux in 1991 based on UNIX to create a free academic version, gradually adding features over several years.
- Key advantages of Linux including being free, portable, scalable, and having short debug times. Some perceived disadvantages are too many distributions and being difficult to learn for newcomers.
- An overview of common Linux installation methods, partitioning disks, hardware configuration, and bootloaders like LILO that help Linux systems start
Lesson 2 Understanding Linux File SystemSadia Bashir
The document provides an overview of Linux file systems and file types. It discusses:
1) The main types of files in Linux including directories, special files, links, sockets and pipes.
2) The standard Linux directory structure and the purpose of directories like /bin, /sbin, /etc, and /usr.
3) Common Linux file extensions and hidden files that begin with a dot.
4) Environment variables and how they can be used to customize a system.
5) Symbolic links and how they create references to files without copying the actual file.
This document provides a summary of the Unix and GNU/Linux command line. It begins with an overview of files and file systems in Unix, including that everything is treated as a file. It then discusses command line interpreters (shells), and commands for handling files and directories like ls, cd, cp, and rm. It also covers redirecting standard input/output, pipes, and controlling processes. The document is intended as training material and provides a detailed outline of its contents.
This 1st presentation in the training "Introduction to linux for bioinformatics" gives an introduction to Linux, and the concepts by which Linux operates.
Linux directory structure by jitu mistryJITU MISTRY
in this ppt there are talkin about the Linux directory structure. special focus on the why we have such type of directory and that is explain slide by slide
This document provides an introduction to useful Linux commands. It begins with a brief history of UNIX and Linux and describes the Linux directory structure. It then discusses commands for navigating directories, searching for files, manipulating text, basic networking, system information, disk usage monitoring, and more. The goal is to compile some essential Linux commands for newcomers to learn and get comfortable with.
This document provides an overview of the Linux filesystem, including its structure, key directories, and concepts like mounting. It describes the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard which defines the main directories and their contents. Key points covered include that everything in Linux is treated as a file, the top-level root directory is "/", essential directories like /bin, /dev, /etc, /home, /lib, /proc, /sbin, /usr, /var are explained, and mounting additional filesystems is described.
Techbuddy: Introduction to Linux sessionAshish Bhatia
This document provides an introduction to Linux concepts including the philosophy, users, files, file handling, and process handling in Linux. It discusses the concept of users and files in Linux, explaining that everything is either a file or a process. It also covers the Linux file hierarchy and permissions system for users and files.
The document summarizes a presentation on the history and usage of Linux. It discusses:
- The dominance of proprietary operating systems in the 1960s-1970s and the motivation to create a free and open-source alternative called UNIX.
- How Linus Torvalds began developing Linux in 1991 based on UNIX to create a free academic version, gradually adding features over several years.
- Key advantages of Linux including being free, portable, scalable, and having short debug times. Some perceived disadvantages are too many distributions and being difficult to learn for newcomers.
- An overview of common Linux installation methods, partitioning disks, hardware configuration, and bootloaders like LILO that help Linux systems start
Lesson 2 Understanding Linux File SystemSadia Bashir
The document provides an overview of Linux file systems and file types. It discusses:
1) The main types of files in Linux including directories, special files, links, sockets and pipes.
2) The standard Linux directory structure and the purpose of directories like /bin, /sbin, /etc, and /usr.
3) Common Linux file extensions and hidden files that begin with a dot.
4) Environment variables and how they can be used to customize a system.
5) Symbolic links and how they create references to files without copying the actual file.
This document provides an introduction to Linux, including its history and architecture. It describes Linux's origins from Unix in the 1960s and the development of the Linux kernel by Linus Torvalds in 1991. It outlines the key components of a Linux system, including the kernel, shell, file system, processes, networking, and desktop environments. It also discusses booting a Linux system and provides resources for learning more about Linux distributions and building your own operating system.
Linux is an open-source operating system based on Unix, designed for multi-user environments. The document provides an overview of basic Linux commands like ls, mkdir, cd for navigating files and directories, as well as more advanced commands for manipulating files, checking system resources, and getting system information. It also lists and describes many common Linux commands and their functions.
The document discusses Linux file systems. It provides an overview of Linux file system types including network file systems like NFS and SMB, and disk file systems like ext2, ext3, FAT32, and NTFS. It describes the physical structure of file systems on disk including the boot block, super block, inode list, and block list. It also summarizes the features and maximum sizes of different file system standards like ext2, ext3, ext4, ReiserFS, XFS, and JFS.
Part 1 of 'Introduction to Linux for bioinformatics': IntroductionJoachim Jacob
This is part 1 of the training session 'Introduction to Linux for bioinformatics'. We explain in very general terms what Linux is and stands for, and how we can get access to it. Interested in following this training session? Please contact me at http://www.jakonix.be/contact.html
This ppt contains basic commands of UNIX operating system. This ppt is prepared by Dr. Rajiv Srivastava who is a director of SIRT, Bhopal which is a Best Engineering College in Central. India
This document provides an overview of the UNIX operating system and some basic UNIX commands. It discusses what UNIX is, its origins at Bell Laboratories in 1969, and some of its core functions like providing a filing system and loading/executing programs. It also covers the UNIX kernel and layers, file system structure, shells, logging in, and examples of common commands like ls, cat, more, pr, grep, passwd, who, and man.
This document provides an overview of the Linux operating system and commands. It begins with course objectives to introduce Unix concepts, commands, and the VI editor. It then discusses what an operating system is and why they are needed before exploring the evolution, flavors, and architecture of Unix/Linux. Key topics covered include the file system structure, absolute vs relative paths, how Unix sessions work, login sequences, command syntax, and standard input/output/error. The document also examines regular expressions, shell metacharacters, editors like VI, and permissions.
Part 4 of 'Introduction to Linux for bioinformatics': Managing data Joachim Jacob
This is part 4 of the training session 'Introduction to Linux for bioinformatics'. We shows basics of data management, and tips for handling big data effectively. Interested in following this training session? Please contact me at http://www.jakonix.be/contact.html
The document discusses Linux file systems and partitioning. It describes how to use the fdisk command to view and create partitions, and supported local file systems like Ext2, Ext3, Vfat, and ISO9660. It provides details on Ext3 file system structure, creation, conversion from Ext2, and tools like dumpe2fs, fsck, and tune2fs. It also covers mounting file systems using mount, automatic mounting from /etc/fstab, and unmounting file systems with umount.
The document provides an overview of the Linux file system structure and common Linux commands. It describes that in Linux, everything is treated as a file, including devices, pipes and directories. It explains the different types of files and partitions in Linux, and provides examples of common file manipulation and system monitoring commands.
This document provides an overview of Linux basics including the kernel, shell, filesystem hierarchy, run levels, and booting procedure. It also describes common Linux commands for text processing, archives/compression, and system states. The key components of the Linux system covered are the BIOS, MBR, GRUB bootloader, kernel, init process, and runlevel programs. File system types like Ext2, Ext3, and Ext4 are also summarized.
The structure of Linux - Introduction to Linux for bioinformaticsBITS
This 3th slide deck of the training 'Introduction to linux for bioinformatics' gives a broad overview of the file system structure of linux. We very gently introducte the command line in this presentation.
The document describes the standard Linux filesystem hierarchy, including the purpose and some examples of the contents of the top-level directories like /bin, /boot, /dev, /etc, /home, /lib, /media, /mnt, /opt, /proc, /root, /sbin, /usr, and /var. Many directories contain essential system files and programs needed for booting, administration, and operation of the system, while others provide variable storage and mounting points for removable devices. The filesystem layout separates core operating system, user, and variable files for security and manageability.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of Linux. It discusses how Linux originated as a free alternative to proprietary operating systems like DOS, Mac OS, and UNIX. Key points include:
- Linus Torvalds developed the initial Linux kernel in 1991 as a free UNIX-like system for Intel x86 computers.
- Linux has since been adopted widely for servers, supercomputers, embedded systems, and desktop computers. It offers high performance, security, and free/open source software.
- Major Linux distributions like Red Hat, Debian, Ubuntu consolidate Linux and make it easy for users to obtain and install through commercial support.
- Linux user groups provide local communities for sharing knowledge and
This document provides an overview of the Linux file system including:
1. It defines the main directories and contents according to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) with the root directory being "/" and possible multiple partitions and filesystems.
2. It describes the different types of files like ordinary files, directories, and special files as well as file permissions for reading, writing, and executing files and directories.
3. It explains how to change file permissions using the chmod command and navigate the file system using commands like pwd, cd, and ls including examples of using options, wildcards and navigation.
The document discusses various topics related to Linux administration. It covers Unix system architecture, the Linux command line, files and directories, running programs, wildcards, text editors, shells, command syntax, filenames, command history, paths, hidden files, home directories, making directories, copying and renaming files, and more. It provides an overview of key Linux concepts and commands for system administration.
This document provides an overview of Red Hat Linux and Linux fundamentals. It discusses Linux origins with the GNU project and Linus Torvalds' creation of the Linux kernel. It also describes open source software, different Red Hat distributions like Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora, Linux principles like treating everything as a file, and basic Linux commands. The document is divided into units covering Linux usage basics, running commands and getting help, and browsing the filesystem.
This document provides an overview of common Linux software and how to install additional software. It discusses the major desktop environments GNOME and KDE and default applications like Firefox, Thunderbird, and OpenOffice. It describes the file structure with directories like home, bin, etc. It also outlines several methods for installing software, including via package managers, downloading binaries or source code. The key difference between Linux and Windows is that Linux has a different file structure and installation process which can cause culture shock for new users.
The file system hierarchy in Linux is organized with the root directory "/" at the top. Key directories include /bin and /sbin for essential binaries, /boot for boot files, /dev for device files, /etc for configuration files, /home for user directories, /lib for shared library files, /opt for optional application software, /tmp for temporary files, /usr for secondary hierarchy, and /var for files that frequently change like logs. Unlike Windows, Linux has a unified hierarchy without drive letters and uses forward slashes rather than backslashes.
This document provides an overview of getting started with Linux. It covers topics such as what Linux is, the basic file system structure and operations, utilities for file management, process management, system administration, and common keyboard shortcuts. The document also lists some of the top Linux distributions and recommends next steps for learning more advanced topics like Vim, shell scripting, sed, awk, and pursuing Linux certification.
The document provides an overview of the Linux filesystem, including its hierarchical tree structure with common subdirectories like /bin, /home, and /usr. It discusses useful commands for navigating the filesystem like cd, pwd, and running privileged commands with sudo. The document also compares the Linux and Windows filesystem structures and file types. It introduces package management with apt-get and the power of pipes in Linux.
This document provides an introduction to Linux, including its history and architecture. It describes Linux's origins from Unix in the 1960s and the development of the Linux kernel by Linus Torvalds in 1991. It outlines the key components of a Linux system, including the kernel, shell, file system, processes, networking, and desktop environments. It also discusses booting a Linux system and provides resources for learning more about Linux distributions and building your own operating system.
Linux is an open-source operating system based on Unix, designed for multi-user environments. The document provides an overview of basic Linux commands like ls, mkdir, cd for navigating files and directories, as well as more advanced commands for manipulating files, checking system resources, and getting system information. It also lists and describes many common Linux commands and their functions.
The document discusses Linux file systems. It provides an overview of Linux file system types including network file systems like NFS and SMB, and disk file systems like ext2, ext3, FAT32, and NTFS. It describes the physical structure of file systems on disk including the boot block, super block, inode list, and block list. It also summarizes the features and maximum sizes of different file system standards like ext2, ext3, ext4, ReiserFS, XFS, and JFS.
Part 1 of 'Introduction to Linux for bioinformatics': IntroductionJoachim Jacob
This is part 1 of the training session 'Introduction to Linux for bioinformatics'. We explain in very general terms what Linux is and stands for, and how we can get access to it. Interested in following this training session? Please contact me at http://www.jakonix.be/contact.html
This ppt contains basic commands of UNIX operating system. This ppt is prepared by Dr. Rajiv Srivastava who is a director of SIRT, Bhopal which is a Best Engineering College in Central. India
This document provides an overview of the UNIX operating system and some basic UNIX commands. It discusses what UNIX is, its origins at Bell Laboratories in 1969, and some of its core functions like providing a filing system and loading/executing programs. It also covers the UNIX kernel and layers, file system structure, shells, logging in, and examples of common commands like ls, cat, more, pr, grep, passwd, who, and man.
This document provides an overview of the Linux operating system and commands. It begins with course objectives to introduce Unix concepts, commands, and the VI editor. It then discusses what an operating system is and why they are needed before exploring the evolution, flavors, and architecture of Unix/Linux. Key topics covered include the file system structure, absolute vs relative paths, how Unix sessions work, login sequences, command syntax, and standard input/output/error. The document also examines regular expressions, shell metacharacters, editors like VI, and permissions.
Part 4 of 'Introduction to Linux for bioinformatics': Managing data Joachim Jacob
This is part 4 of the training session 'Introduction to Linux for bioinformatics'. We shows basics of data management, and tips for handling big data effectively. Interested in following this training session? Please contact me at http://www.jakonix.be/contact.html
The document discusses Linux file systems and partitioning. It describes how to use the fdisk command to view and create partitions, and supported local file systems like Ext2, Ext3, Vfat, and ISO9660. It provides details on Ext3 file system structure, creation, conversion from Ext2, and tools like dumpe2fs, fsck, and tune2fs. It also covers mounting file systems using mount, automatic mounting from /etc/fstab, and unmounting file systems with umount.
The document provides an overview of the Linux file system structure and common Linux commands. It describes that in Linux, everything is treated as a file, including devices, pipes and directories. It explains the different types of files and partitions in Linux, and provides examples of common file manipulation and system monitoring commands.
This document provides an overview of Linux basics including the kernel, shell, filesystem hierarchy, run levels, and booting procedure. It also describes common Linux commands for text processing, archives/compression, and system states. The key components of the Linux system covered are the BIOS, MBR, GRUB bootloader, kernel, init process, and runlevel programs. File system types like Ext2, Ext3, and Ext4 are also summarized.
The structure of Linux - Introduction to Linux for bioinformaticsBITS
This 3th slide deck of the training 'Introduction to linux for bioinformatics' gives a broad overview of the file system structure of linux. We very gently introducte the command line in this presentation.
The document describes the standard Linux filesystem hierarchy, including the purpose and some examples of the contents of the top-level directories like /bin, /boot, /dev, /etc, /home, /lib, /media, /mnt, /opt, /proc, /root, /sbin, /usr, and /var. Many directories contain essential system files and programs needed for booting, administration, and operation of the system, while others provide variable storage and mounting points for removable devices. The filesystem layout separates core operating system, user, and variable files for security and manageability.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of Linux. It discusses how Linux originated as a free alternative to proprietary operating systems like DOS, Mac OS, and UNIX. Key points include:
- Linus Torvalds developed the initial Linux kernel in 1991 as a free UNIX-like system for Intel x86 computers.
- Linux has since been adopted widely for servers, supercomputers, embedded systems, and desktop computers. It offers high performance, security, and free/open source software.
- Major Linux distributions like Red Hat, Debian, Ubuntu consolidate Linux and make it easy for users to obtain and install through commercial support.
- Linux user groups provide local communities for sharing knowledge and
This document provides an overview of the Linux file system including:
1. It defines the main directories and contents according to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) with the root directory being "/" and possible multiple partitions and filesystems.
2. It describes the different types of files like ordinary files, directories, and special files as well as file permissions for reading, writing, and executing files and directories.
3. It explains how to change file permissions using the chmod command and navigate the file system using commands like pwd, cd, and ls including examples of using options, wildcards and navigation.
The document discusses various topics related to Linux administration. It covers Unix system architecture, the Linux command line, files and directories, running programs, wildcards, text editors, shells, command syntax, filenames, command history, paths, hidden files, home directories, making directories, copying and renaming files, and more. It provides an overview of key Linux concepts and commands for system administration.
This document provides an overview of Red Hat Linux and Linux fundamentals. It discusses Linux origins with the GNU project and Linus Torvalds' creation of the Linux kernel. It also describes open source software, different Red Hat distributions like Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora, Linux principles like treating everything as a file, and basic Linux commands. The document is divided into units covering Linux usage basics, running commands and getting help, and browsing the filesystem.
This document provides an overview of common Linux software and how to install additional software. It discusses the major desktop environments GNOME and KDE and default applications like Firefox, Thunderbird, and OpenOffice. It describes the file structure with directories like home, bin, etc. It also outlines several methods for installing software, including via package managers, downloading binaries or source code. The key difference between Linux and Windows is that Linux has a different file structure and installation process which can cause culture shock for new users.
The file system hierarchy in Linux is organized with the root directory "/" at the top. Key directories include /bin and /sbin for essential binaries, /boot for boot files, /dev for device files, /etc for configuration files, /home for user directories, /lib for shared library files, /opt for optional application software, /tmp for temporary files, /usr for secondary hierarchy, and /var for files that frequently change like logs. Unlike Windows, Linux has a unified hierarchy without drive letters and uses forward slashes rather than backslashes.
This document provides an overview of getting started with Linux. It covers topics such as what Linux is, the basic file system structure and operations, utilities for file management, process management, system administration, and common keyboard shortcuts. The document also lists some of the top Linux distributions and recommends next steps for learning more advanced topics like Vim, shell scripting, sed, awk, and pursuing Linux certification.
The document provides an overview of the Linux filesystem, including its hierarchical tree structure with common subdirectories like /bin, /home, and /usr. It discusses useful commands for navigating the filesystem like cd, pwd, and running privileged commands with sudo. The document also compares the Linux and Windows filesystem structures and file types. It introduces package management with apt-get and the power of pipes in Linux.
This document provides an overview and introduction to the hardware, software, and file structure of the EduBook device. It discusses the hardware components, how to open the case and access internal parts. It then summarizes the available operating systems, describes the Linux file structure and key directories. The document outlines software options like browsers and office applications that are preinstalled. It concludes with some tips on software issues, advanced options for running Windows programs in Wine, and contact information.
Linux was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and is an open-source operating system freely available in source and binary forms. It has features like virtual memory, networking, multiple users, protected memory, and a graphical user interface. Reasons to use Linux include that it is free, runs on various hardware, is stable even if programs crash, and has available source code. Basic Linux commands are used to view system information, manage files and directories, and more.
Linux was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and is an open-source operating system freely available in source and binary forms. It has features like virtual memory, networking, multiple users, protected memory, and a graphical user interface. Reasons to use Linux include that it is free, runs on various hardware, is stable even if programs crash, and has available source code.
Linux was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and is an open-source operating system freely available in source and binary forms. It has features like virtual memory, networking, multiple users, protected memory, and a graphical user interface. Reasons to use Linux include that it is free, runs on various hardware, is stable even if programs crash, and has available source code.
Get Started with Linux Management Command line Basic KnowledgeDavid Clark
This document provides an introduction to Linux and outlines an agenda for getting started. It covers topics such as the Linux environment, file system operations and structure, utilities, permissions, processes, basic administration, and shortcuts. The document also lists common Linux distributions and gives overviews of what Linux is and its kernel development history.
This document provides an overview of the Linux operating system. It discusses that Linux is an open-source operating system that provides a structured file system, multi-user capabilities, and strong security. It describes the Linux file structure with directories like /bin, /boot, /dev, /etc, and explains commands to view processes, manage users and files, and install packages. Network services like Apache web server, OpenSSH, and FTP are also summarized.
Linux is an operating system with several key components:
- A kernel that manages system resources and processes. Processes allow programs to run in memory simultaneously.
- Files and directories that organize data. Directories contain files and other directories.
- Tools like tar for backing up files and mounting disks. The mount command attaches filesystems.
- A shell interface for entering commands to interact with the system, along with utilities like ls, cp, and man.
- Permissions and variables that control access and store values for commands.
The document provides an overview of the contents of a training on the Unix and GNU/Linux command line. It covers topics such as shells and filesystem structure, file handling commands, standard input/output redirection, task control, text editing and system administration basics. The training aims to teach users full control of tasks and how to get help and find resources on the command line.
This document provides an overview of Linux basics including the kernel, shell, filesystem hierarchy, run levels, and booting procedure. It describes key components like the kernel, shell, init process, and run level programs. It also explains basic commands for file management, text editing, archiving/compression, and system states. Formatting options and common filesystem types are outlined as well. The document is an introductory guide to core Linux concepts, components, and commands.
In February, 2016 I had the privilege of working with employees of STARR Computers on a course to orient them to Linux. The course was delivered over a series of 90-120 minute sessions. It was designed so that
This is a compilation of the slides which were used. There were some other resources which were shared. There were practice exercises which were designed to reinforce some concepts.
Check http://churchroadman.blogspot.com/2016/04/basic-orientation-to-linux-course.html for some other details.
The document discusses various commands for working with directories in Linux/Unix systems such as pwd, cd, ls, mkdir and rmdir. It explains how to use these commands to view the current working directory, change directories, list directory contents, and create/remove directories. It also covers the differences between absolute and relative paths and the use of tab completion in bash.
The document provides information about Linux including its history, components, and usage. It can be summarized as follows:
Linux originated in 1991 when Linus Torvalds created the Linux kernel. Since then, thousands of programmers have enhanced Linux, which is now used on millions of computers worldwide. Linux is a fully-networked, multi-user, multi-tasking operating system that provides both command line and graphical interfaces. It includes core utilities like editors, compilers, and networking tools. Common distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora, which provide commercial support and the latest open source technologies, respectively.
CompTIA Linux+ Powered by LPI certifies foundational skills and knowledge of Linux. With Linux being the central operating system for much of the world’s IT infrastructure, Linux+ is an essential credential for individuals working in IT, especially those on the path of a Web and software development career. With CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI certification, you’ll acquire the fundamental skills and knowledge you need to successfully configure, manage and troubleshoot Linux systems. Recommended experience for this certification includes CompTIA A+, CompTIA Network+ and 12 months of Linux admin experience. No prerequisites required.
This Slide was presented as an introduction to Linux . Students with little experience in free operating systems were encouraged to take up Linux based operating systems.
The document provides an overview of MPEG-4, a standard that offers both advanced audio and video codecs as well as tools for combining multimedia such as audio, video, graphics and interactivity. It was developed through an open international process to select the best technologies. MPEG-4 codecs like AVC and AAC provide high compression efficiency, having been adopted for HDTV, mobile video, and digital music. Its rich media tools allow interactive experiences combining different media types.
This document provides an overview of Codan's 6700/6900 series block up converter (BUC) systems and components. It describes the BUC, low-noise block converter (LNB), and redundancy systems. It also covers installation, operation, and troubleshooting of the systems. The document contains information on frequency bands, conversion plans, interfaces, cable connections, monitor/control, commands, maintenance procedures, and compliance standards.
This document discusses digital set-top boxes (STBs) and related standards. It covers:
1) The DVB standards for digital TV broadcasting via different transmission media, including DVB-T for terrestrial, DVB-S for satellite, and DVB-C for cable. These share source coding/compression and service multiplexing standards.
2) STBs will be needed until integrated digital TVs are cheaper. Affordable STBs are key for digital TV adoption. Common standards help lower STB costs through economies of scale.
3) "Open architecture" and "interoperability" mean the STB functionality is defined by public standards and can receive services across networks, respectively. The
The document discusses DCT/IDCT concepts and applications. It provides an introduction to DCT and IDCT, explaining that they are used widely in video and audio compression. It describes the DCT and IDCT functions and how they work to transform signals between spatial and frequency domains. Examples of one-dimensional and two-dimensional DCT/IDCT equations are also given. Finally, common applications of DCT/IDCT compression techniques are listed, such as in DVD players, cable TV, graphics cards, and medical imaging systems.
This document discusses image compression using the discrete cosine transform (DCT). It develops simple Mathematica functions to compute the 1D and 2D DCT. The 1D DCT transforms a list of real numbers into elementary frequency components. It is computed via matrix multiplication or using the discrete Fourier transform with twiddle factors. The 2D DCT applies the 1D DCT to rows and then columns of an image, making it separable. These functions illustrate how Mathematica can be used to prototype image processing algorithms.
DVB-S2 is the second-generation specification for satellite broadcasting developed by DVB in 2003. It uses more advanced channel coding (LDPC codes) and modulation formats (QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK, 32APSK) for a 30% increase in transmission capacity over DVB-S. DVB-S2 allows for adaptive coding and modulation to optimize transmission for each user. It is designed for broadcast, interactive, and professional applications with flexibility to handle different transponder characteristics and content formats.
The STi7167 is an integrated system-on-chip that combines a configurable DVB-T or DVB-C demodulator with STB decoding and display functions. It provides advanced HD and SD video decoding, audio decoding, graphics processing, and connectivity options. The chip's integrated features allow for low cost and small size STB designs for cable or terrestrial networks.
This document provides an overview of service information (SI) in digital video broadcasting (DVB) systems, including sections like the network information section (NIT), service description section (SDT), bouquet association section (BAT), program association section (PAT), conditional access section (CAT), transport stream description section (TSDT), event information section (EIT), and running status section (RST). It includes syntax diagrams and details for each section, such as table IDs, section lengths, descriptors, and other fields. It also provides the PID and refresh interval requirements for each table type.
1) The document describes a modification to the Huffman coding used in JPEG image compression. It proposes pairing each non-zero DCT coefficient with the run-length of subsequent (rather than preceding) zero coefficients.
2) This allows using separate optimized Huffman code tables for each DCT coefficient position, improving compression by 10-15% over standard JPEG coding.
3) The decoding procedure is not changed and no end-of-block marker is needed, providing advantages with no increase in complexity.
Dani Pedrosa won the MotoGP race at Laguna Seca, finishing just 0.344 seconds ahead of Valentino Rossi in second and 1.926 seconds ahead of Jorge Lorenzo in third. Casey Stoner finished fourth, over 12 seconds behind Pedrosa. There were several crashes during the race, with Andrea Dovizioso, Sete Gibernau, and Gabor Talmacsi all falling out of contention. James Toseland received a ride through penalty for a jump start.
The document provides implementation guidelines for using the DVB Simulcrypt standard, including describing the architecture and protocols, clarifying differences between protocol versions, explaining state diagrams and behaviors, and providing recommendations for error handling, redundancy management, and custom signaling profiles to facilitate reliable and efficient Simulcrypt headend implementation.
1) The document discusses quantization and pulse code modulation (PCM) in voice signal encoding. PCM assigns 256 possible values to digitally represent analog voice samples, divided into chords and steps on a linear scale.
2) A logarithmic quantization scale is better than a linear one for voice signals, as it allocates more quantization steps to lower amplitudes prevalent in speech. This "compressed encoding" improves fidelity.
3) Quantization error occurs when samples with different amplitudes are assigned the same digital value, distorting the reconstructed waveform. Compression helps maintain a higher signal-to-noise ratio especially for low amplitudes.
This document provides implementation guidelines for the DVB Simulcrypt standard. It describes the architecture and protocols involved in simulcrypt systems, including the ECMG protocol between the security client system and conditional access modules, and the EMMG/PDG protocol between conditional access modules and multiplex equipment. The document outlines differences between version 1 and 2 of the standards, and provides recommendations for compliance. It also includes detailed state diagrams and descriptions of the protocols involved.
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This document describes the head-end architecture and synchronization for digital video broadcasting using SimulCrypt. It outlines the system components including an event information scheduler, SimulCrypt synchronizer, entitlement control message generator, entitlement management message generator, and multiplexer. It also describes the interfaces between these components, covering processes like channel and stream establishment and closure, as well as bandwidth allocation and status reporting.
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1. Beginners: Learn Linux (Linux Reviews)
> Linux Reviews >
Beginners: Learn Linux
v0.99.3 (en), xiando
A beginners guide to Linux for those with little or no computer experience.
1. What is Linux?
2. Understanding files and folders
3. Understanding users and permissions
4. Who and what is root
5. Opening a command shell / terminal
6. Your first Linux commands
♦ 6.1. ls - short for list
♦ 6.2. pwd - print name of current/working directory
♦ 6.3. cd - Change directory
7. The basic commands
♦ 7.1. chmod - Make a file executable
♦ 7.2. df - view filesystem disk space usage
♦ 7.3. du - View the space used by files and folders
♦ 7.4. mkdir - makes folders
♦ 7.5. passwd - changes your login password
◊ 7.5.1. KDE
♦ 7.6. rm - delete files and folders, short for remove
♦ 7.7. ln - make symbolic links
♦ 7.8. tar archiving utility - tar.bz2 and tar.gz
◊ 7.8.1. tar files (.tar.gz)
◊ 7.8.2. bzip2 files (.tar.bz2)
1. What is Linux?
Linux is a free Unix-type operating system for computer devices. The operating system is what makes the
hardware work together with the software. The OS is the interface that allows you to do the things you want
with your computer. Linux is freely available to everyone. OS X and Windows are other widely used OS.
1. What is Linux? 1
2. Beginners: Learn Linux (Linux Reviews)
Linux gives you a graphical interface that makes it easy to use your computer, yet it still allows those with
know-how to change settings by adjusting 0 to 1.
It is only the kernel that is named Linux, the rest of the OS are GNU tools. A package with the kernel and the
needed tools make up a Linux distribution. Mandrake , SUSE Linux, Gentoo and Redhat are some of
the many variants. GNU/Linux OS can be used on a large number of boxes, including i386+ , Alpha,
PowerPC and Sparc.
2. Understanding files and folders
Linux is made with one thought in mind: Everything is a file.
A blank piece of paper is called a file in the world of computers. You can use this piece of paper to write a
text or make a drawing. Your text or drawing is called information. A computer file is another way of storing
your information.
If you make many drawings then you will eventually want to sort them in different piles or make some other
system that allows you to easily locate a given drawing. Computers use folders to sort your files in a hieratic
system.
A file is an element of data storage in a file system (file systems manual page). Files are usually stored on
harddrives, cdroms and other media, but may also be information stored in RAM or links to devices.
To organize our files into a system we use folders. The lowest possible folder is root / where you will find the
user homes called /home/.
/
/home/
/home/mom/
/home/dad/
2. Understanding files and folders 2
3. Beginners: Learn Linux (Linux Reviews)
Behind every configurable option there is a simple human-readable text file you can hand-edit to suit your
needs. These days most programs come with nice GUI (graphical user interface) like Mandrakes Control
Center and Suses YAST that can smoothly guide you through most configuration. Those who choose can gain
full control of their system by manually adjusting the configuration files from foo=yes to foo=no in an editor.
Almost everything you do on a computer involves one or more files stored locally or on a network.
Your filesystems lowest folder root / contains the following folders:
/bin Essential user command binaries (for use by all users)
/boot Static files of the boot loader, only used at system startup
/dev Device files, links to your hardware devices like /dev/sound, /dev/input/js0 (joystick)
/etc Host-specific system configuration
/home User home directories. This is where you save your personal files
/lib Essential shared libraries and kernel modules
/mnt Mount point for a temporarily mounted filesystem like /mnt/cdrom
/opt Add-on application software packages
/usr is the second major section of the filesystem. /usr is shareable, read-only data. That means that
/usr /usr should be shareable between various FHS-compliant hosts and must not be written to. Any
information that is host-specific or varies with time is stored elsewhere.
/var contains variable data files. This includes spool directories and files, administrative and logging
/var
data, and transient and temporary files.
/proc System information stored in memory mirrored as files.
The only folder a normal user needs to use is /home/you/ - this is where you will be keeping all your
documents.
/home/elvis/Documents
/home/elvis/Music
/home/elvis/Music/60s
Files are case sensitive, "myfile" and "MyFile" are two different files.
For more details, check out:
3. Understanding users and permissions
Linux is based on the idea that everyone using a system has their own username and password.
Every file belongs to a user and a group, and has a set of given attributes (read, write and executable) for
users, groups and all (everybody).
A file or folder can have permissions that only allows the user it belongs to to read and write to it, allowing
3. Understanding users and permissions 3
4. Beginners: Learn Linux (Linux Reviews)
the group it belongs to to read it and at the same time all other users can't even read the file.
4. Who and what is root
Linux has one special user called root (this is the user name). Root is the "system administrator" and has
access to all files and folders. This special user has the right to do anything.
You should never log on as this user unless you actually need to do something that requires it!
Use su - to temporary become root and do the things you need, again: never log into your sytem as root!
Root is only for system maintenance, this is not a regular user (LindowsOS don't have any user management
at all and uses root for everything, this is a very bad idea!).
You can execute a command as root with:
su -c 'command done as root'
Gentoo Linux: Note that on Gentoo Linux only users that are member of the wheel group are allowed to su to
root.
5. Opening a command shell / terminal
To learn Linux, you need to learn the shell command line in a terminal emulator.
In KDE: K -> System -> Konsoll to get a command shell)
Pressing CTRL-ALT-F1 to CTRL-ALT-F6 gives you the console command shell windows, while
CTRL-ALT-F7 gives you XFree86 (the graphical interface).
xterm (manual page) is the standard XFree console installed on all boxes, run it with xterm (press ALT F2 in
KDE and Gnome to run commands).
Terminals you probably have installed:
• xterm http://dickey.his.com/xterm/
• konsole (KDEs terminal)
• gnome-terminal (Gnomes terminal)
Non-standard terminals should install:
• rxvt http://www.rxvt.org/
• aterm http://aterm.sourceforge.net
5. Opening a command shell / terminal 4
5. Beginners: Learn Linux (Linux Reviews)
6. Your first Linux commands
Now you should have managed to open a terminal shell and are ready to try your first Linux commands.
Simply ask the computer to do the tasks you want it to using it's language and press the enter key (the big one
with an arrow). You can add a & after the command to make it run in the background (your terminal will be
available while the job is done). It can be practical to do things like moving big divx movies as a background
process: cp movie.avi /pub &. Jobs - the basics of job control
6.1. ls - short for list
ls lists the files in the current working folder. This is probably the first command to try out. It as a number of
options described on the ls manpage.
Examples:
ls
ls -al --color=yes
6.2. pwd - print name of current/working directory
pwd prints the fully resolved name of the current (working) directory. pwd manpage.
6.3. cd - Change directory
cd stands for change (working) directory and that's what it does. The folder below you (unless you are in /,
where there is no lower directory) is called "..".
To go one folder down:
cd ..
Change into the folder Documents in your current working directory:
cd Documents
Change into a folder somewhere else:
cd /pub/video
The / in front of pub means that the folder pub is located in the / (lowest folder).
6. Your first Linux commands 5
6. Beginners: Learn Linux (Linux Reviews)
7. The basic commands
7.1. chmod - Make a file executable
To make a file executable and runnable by any user:
chmod a+x myfile
Refer to the chmod manual page for more information.
7.2. df - view filesystem disk space usage
df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/hda3 73G 67G 2.2G 97% /
tmpfs 2.0M 24K 2.0M 2% /mnt/.init.d
tmpfs 252M 0 252M 0% /dev/shm
The flags: -h, --human-readable Appends a size letter such as M for megabytes to each size.
df manpage
7.3. du - View the space used by files and folders
Use du (Disk Usage) to view how much space files and folders occupy. Read the du manual page for flags
and usage.
du is a part of fileutils.
Example du usage:
du -sh Documents/
409M Documents
7.4. mkdir - makes folders
Folders are created with the command mkdir:
mkdir folder
To make a long path, use mkdir -p :
mkdir -p /use/one/command/to/make/a/long/path/
7. The basic commands 6
7. Beginners: Learn Linux (Linux Reviews)
Like most programs mkdir supports -v (verbose). Practical when used in scripts.
You can make multiple folders in bash and other shells with {folder1,folder2} :
mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs}
mkdir manual page
The command rmdir removes folders.
7.5. passwd - changes your login password
To change your password in Linux, type:
passwd
The root user can change the password of any user by running passwd with the user name as argument:
passwd jonny
will change jonnys password. Running passwd without arguments as root changes the root password.
If you need to add several new users and give them password you can use a handy program like Another
Password Generator to generate a large set of "random" passwords.
7.5.1. KDE
From KDE you can change your password by going:
• K -> Settings -> Change Password
• K -> Settings -> Control Center -> System Administration -> User Account
7.6. rm - delete files and folders, short for remove
Files are deleted with the command rm:
rm /home/you/youfile.txt
To delete folders, use rm together with -f (Do not prompt for confirmation) and -r (Recursively remove
directory trees):
rm -rf /home/you/foo/
Like most programs rm supports -v (verbose).
rm manual page
7.4. mkdir - makes folders 7
8. Beginners: Learn Linux (Linux Reviews)
7.7. ln - make symbolic links
A symbolic link is a "file" pointing to another file.
To make a symbolic link :
ln /original/file /new/link
This makes /original/file and /new/link the same file - edit one and the other will change. The file will not be
gone until both /original/file and /new/link are deleted.
You can only do this with files. For folders, you must make a "soft" link.
To make a soft symbolic link :
ln -s /original/file /new/link
Example:
ln -s /usr/src/linux-2.4.20 /usr/src/linux
Note that -s makes an "empty" file pointing to the original file/folder. So if you delete the folder a symlink
points to, you will be stuck with a dead symlink (just rm it).
ln manual page
7.8. tar archiving utility - tar.bz2 and tar.gz
tar (manual page) is a very handle little program to store files and folders in archives, originally made for
tapestreamer backups. Tar is usually used together with gzip (manual page) or bzip2 (manual page),
comprepssion programs that make your .tar archive a much smaller .tar.gz or .tar.bz2 archive.
kde
You can use the program ark (K -> Utilities -> Ark) to handle archives in KDE. Konqueror treats file
archives like normal folders, simply click on the archive to open it. The archive becomes a virtual folder that
can be used to open, add or remove files just as if you were working with a normal folder.
7.8.1. tar files (.tar.gz)
To untar files:
tar xvzf file.tar.gz
To tar files:
tar cvzf file.tar.gz filedir1 filedir2 filedir2...
7.7. ln - make symbolic links 8
9. Beginners: Learn Linux (Linux Reviews)
Note: A .tgz file is the same as a .tar.gz file. Both are also often refered to as tarballs.
The flags: z is for gzip, v is for verbose, c is for create, x is for extract, f is for file (default is to use a tape
device).
7.8.2. bzip2 files (.tar.bz2)
To unpack files:
tar xjvf file.tar.bz2
To pack files:
tar cvjf file.tar.bz2 filedir1 filedir2 filedir2...
The flags: Same as above, but with j for for bzip2
You can also use bunzip2 file.tar.bz2 , will turn it into a tar.
For older versions of tar, try tar -xjvf or -xYvf or -xkvf to unpack.There's a few other options it could be, they
couldn't decide which switch to use for bzip2 for a while.
How to untar an entire directory full or archives?
.tar:
for i in `ls *.tar`; do tar xvf $i; done
.tar.gz: for i in `ls *.tar.gz`; do tar xvfz $i; done
.tar.bz2: for i in `ls *.tar.bz2`; do tar xvfj $i; done
Copyright (c) 2000-2004 Øyvind Sæther. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version
published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation
License".
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Beginners: Learn Linux
7.8.1. tar files (.tar.gz) 9